Coronary Artery Calcium Score: Current Efficacy of Cardiac CT in Patients at Hail Region, Saudi Arabia

Calcium levels in the Coronary Artery are an indicative marker of the presence and extent of atherosclerosis. This serves as an additional prognostic indicator in addition to traditional risk factors. Moreover, the coronary calcium test is associated with a descriptor known as the calcium score or calcium score (Cs), which is primarily useful for stratifying the risk of asymptomatic patients, while for patients with acute or chronic chest pain, coronary axial computed tomography is generally required. A retrospective analysis of data was conducted in the radiology department of King Salman Specialist Hospital in Hail City, the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, between January and May 2022. A total of 40 patients were randomly selected, 25 males and 15 females. The study included all patients with or suspected of having a calcium deposit who underwent a CT scan using the Siemens SOMATOM definition MDC scan. Patients underwent a scan with the preparations and laboratory tests required for their coronary artery calcium scores. In this study, males were more likely to be affected by calcium deposits (64%), whereas females were 36%. Approximately 50 percent of the study populations were found to be normal (no identifiable calcium deposits) and 37.5% to have moderate calcium deposits. There is a significant association between CACS and moderate CVD risks based on age and gender in this study. Better control of cardiovascular system (CVS) risks is recommended in all primary care centers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).Copyright © 2022 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences. All rights reserved.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and food safety: Are the consumers in the hospitality, food, and beverage industry right to worry?

The COVID-19 pandemic is continuing to impact our daily chores of work, education, travel, and food. In this chapter, historical anecdote of SARS pandemic of 2003 is compared with the current COVID-19 with the timeline. The emergence and the primary mode of airborne transmission of the SARS CoV2 that has been incriminated in the outbreaks of meat processing plants is discussed. Considering the WHO report on the likelihood of four possible pathways in the introduction of SARS CoV2 that included the introduction through cold food chain products, advisories for owners, employees, and guests in the hospitality, food, and beverage industry are provided that emphasize on food safety through HACCP food management systems. The approaches of pretravel consultation, vaccination, and adhering to good behaviors of physical distancing, hand hygiene, and face masking are detailed to anticipate early bounce back of the tourism, hospitality, food, and beverage industries. © 2021, IGI Global.

Amassing the Covid-19 driven PPE wastes in the dwelling environment of Chittagong Metropolis and associated implications.

This study investigates the Covid-19 driven indiscriminate disposal of PPE wastes (mostly face mask and medical wastes) in Chittagong metropolitan area (CMA), Bangladesh. Based on the field monitoring, the mean PPE density (PPE/m2± SD) was calculated to be 0.0226 ± 0.0145, 0.0164 ± 0.0122, and 0.0110 ± 0.00863 for July, August, and September 2021, respectively (during the peak time of Covid-19 in Bangladesh). Moreover, gross information on PPE waste generation in the city was calculated using several parameters such as population density, face mask acceptance rate by urban population, total Covid-19 confirmed cases, quarantined and isolated patients, corresponding medical waste generation rate (kg/bed/day), etc. Moreover, the waste generated due to face mask and other PPEs in the CMA during the whole Covid-19 period (April 4, 2020 to September 5, 2021) were calculated to be 64183.03 and 128695.75 tons, respectively. It has been observed that the negligence of general people, lack of awareness about environmental pollution, and poor municipal waste management practices are the root causes for the contamination of the dwelling environment by PPE wastes. As a result, new challenges have emerged in solid waste management, which necessitates the development of an appropriate waste management strategy. The ultimate policies and strategies may help to achieve the SDG goals 3, 6, 11, 12, 13, and 15, and increase public perception on the use and subsequent disposal of PPEs, especially face masks.

Ethnicity as a Risk Factor for the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Since its emergence in 2019, 2019-nCoV affected all human races on different continents by different rates based on different factors. It is highly essential to explore ethnicity variation and genetic background that might be predisposing factors in increasing susceptibility to being infected by this viral highly communicable disease. Thus, the objectives of this study are to review the current incidence and death rate for various ethnic groups and to develop risk factors list to be utilized for the management and treatment of patients suffering from COVID-19. The review carried out using global databases, including google scholar, the web of sciences, Scopus, PubMed. In this study, all reports classified into five ethnic groups, including Hispanic, African, Caucasian, and Asians. The current data showed that White (not Caucasians), Hispanic, African, and Asians have an incidence factor of 3.8, 2.3, 1.8 higher compared to White (Caucasians), respectively. Although the incidence depends on other factors such as the type of profession, it also indicates variation in incidence according to ethnic group. The current literature showed that even if people live in the same geographical region and with the same economic level, they will have different responses to the COVID-19. Some also suffered from adverse healthcare affects more than white community members. In-country levels, the death rate seems to be independent of ethnicity within Asian and African countries have the least death rate. A risk factors score developed for effective patient management.